Where Is The Mind?

I must apologize to the reader in advance for what will seem to be a rather difficult set of ideas laid out in this post. At the outset, I want to lay out some ideas that are basic to me but strange to many. These ideas are developed more fully in other posts in the series and specifically in Zen philosophy an the Western version of it (Mindfulness). I am deeply influenced by Hofstadter and Dennett, whose ideas are strange, radically new and far from obvious.

• I take it that "mind" and "soul" both refer to the experience we all have of being "something". An essential idea of all religions is that this "something" survives death and is therefore separable from the body. I believe this to be mistaken, but I am left with the problem of "locating" the mind.
• Skeptics who reject the religious view tend to take it for granted that the mind is an "epiphenomenon" of the brain - somehow arising from the interaction of billions of neurons in our heads. I think this is also mistaken. You need a brain to have a mind but that is not all you need. In fact, we can learn a great deal about "mind" without reference to the brain at all.

Our theories about reality "bootstrap" themselves by searching for appropriate analogy. Very often, we forget that we are dealing with an analogy and we confuse the phenomenon itself with what we think it is "like". For example, electromagnetic waves are "like" waves in water - an analogy that lead people to postulate the luminous ether, the "something" that "waves". In fact, waves such as the electromagnetic fields are not "in" anything, but it took a great deal of experiment and intellectual struggle to figure out that these fields area a new "thing", quite unlike anything else.

Ideas about mind and soul depend on an analogy. We seem to wear our bodies like we wear our clothes, or ride around in our heads just behind our eyes. If we treat this analogy as fact, not metaphor, it is a short step to picture ourselves shedding the clothing of the body or stepping out from behind our eyes into a life beyond death.

The "epiphenomenon" idea seems more sophisticated but it's also an analogy - most recently treating the brain as a kind of computer. We know that computer logic can be amazingly sophisticated but it's ultimately built on zeros and ones. The analogy proceeds by painting the picture of neurons as being "like" bits in a computer, even though the neuron is totally unlike a memory bit in a computer. In fact, the neuron is an analog device and a living thing in its own right. A massively complex computer program can simulate the behaviour of a neuron, but only so far as we understand how neurons work (which is a work in progress). There is no evidence that neurons work together to produce mental phenomena in anything "like" the way computers "compute". The fact is that our brains are not "like" computers at all but we are hard pressed to say what they are like, so the computer analogy is better than nothing.

Even if we don't have a computer in mind, the "epiphenomenon" idea is also an analogy. We know that properties of matter "emerge" mysteriously as complexity grows. For example, we can't explain even simple properties of water using quantum physics that "explains" behaviour of sub-atomic particles. Nor can we "explain" the weather knowing all about water. But this is basically an argument from ignorance. Saying that the mind somehow "emerges" from the complex behaviour of neurons is simply saying we don't know where this behavior comes from but it "must" come from the brain somehow-therefore it does. But there are lots of other things around for the mind to emerge from. Why just the brain?

We can't really escape the need to explain one set of phenomena using an analogy with other things. This is simply he way our minds work - it is the structure of our ideas. Fortunately for us, reality itself seems to somehow "prefer" ideas we also find beautiful and attractive - we find fruitful new ideas by the close examination of reality itself, ultimately saving us from building our picture of the world out of pure fantasy. One task of the modern intellectual is to build up a store of phenomena that are unique in themselves - not "like" anything else. Quantum mechanics bristles with phenomena like this and can be used in new analogies as long as we don't forget these are analogies. I will soon get around to sketching an idea that consciousness itself is "like" a quantum field but I am not saying it is a quantum field. The mind is something quite different - it's a thing of its own. Paradoxically, it is the "thing" we know best but we are like fish who cannot discover water.

How can we escape the assumption that our minds are in our heads? I claim, along with Douglas Hofstadter that language is the royal road to the mind. If we want to know about how the mind works and where the mind lives, we can learn a lot by studying how language works. Hofstadter claims that language is a tapestry of analogies.  These analogies are "like" the classes that build computer logic or the categories of formal logic. But Hofstadter exposes the limitation of this analogy. To put it simply: language is not logic. Language is a "thing" in its own right. In fact, language turns out to be an important special case of powerful analogy-making which includes the powerful analogies behind totally new ideas like Relativity. It is important to remember that language is about something. It is not "floating free": it is anchored in shared human experience in the world.

I don't think analogy is the whole story. Daniel Dennett has pursued a parallel hunt for the essence of thought and his most recent vision is outline in  From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds. Dennett and Hofstadter together have provided us with a new "toolkit" of "things" that the mind might be "like". In Dennett's case, the Richard Dawkin's vague analogy that ideas might be "like" genes (the "meme") has been sharpened down to the point where we can see that "ideas" exist in the world without anyone "having" them. You might cautiously say that they have a "life of their own",  quite independent of the human minds that "hold" them. This echoes the fundamental Zen idea that the mind is nothing but ideas and sensations - the mind doesn't have ideas and sensations: the mind is ideas and sensations. 

So where does Quantum Mechanics come in to it? Once you get past "undergraduate" physics, you are let in on the dirty secret that particles don't exist. There are only "fields". Particles such as quarks are a useful fiction. The equations of Quantum Mechanics refer only to fields. A field is something that has a value in every point in space. So the analogy goes like this: culture (especially language) is "out there" with a life of its own. We perceive it by virtue of its effect on our brains. Loosely speaking, our minds are the "collapse" of the culture wave, just as particles are the "collapse" of the Shrodinger wave equation.

This leaves us on the brink of making the luminous ether error: wondering what the "culture field" is "in". Of course, the Shrodinger wave is not "in" anything, but is the "culture field" "in" our brains? If so, this almost brings us back to thinking our minds are in our brains - or perhaps in lots of brains operating in loose cooperation. This is where Dennett comes in. Ideas exist without anyone "having" them. This is a totally new insight and hard to grasp without actually checking in with Dennett in the talk cited above (or better yet the book).

Or is it new? I'm reminded of Plato's world of "ideals". To Plato, the world of ideas (especially geometry) was what was "real" and the rest was illusion - an illusion made necessary by he limitations of minds of mere mortals. The idea is tempting. Where does mathematics "live" in the Universe? The Universe seems to "obey" mathematical rules. Are these rules part of the universe or do they have a home of their own? It's quite clear that mathematics can dream up worlds that are perfectly consistent but don't happen to correspond to the Universe we inhabit. Is mathematics a figment of the human mind (the brain)? It seems intuitively clear that mathematics is somehow "discovered" and not simply "invented". It is "out there" somehow but not in our heads and not in the physical Universe. Physicists have no trouble imagining a universe where he "laws" are different, but they don't imagine a universe in which 1+1 is not 2.

Perhaps language, culture and the mind are "like" mathematics. They have a structure and a reality of their own, without a "medium" in space and time.

Let me bring it all together with a question. Obviously I need a brain to think - to "have" a mind. But what is it that I "have"? Is it nothing but the sensations of the world, plus the ideas "floating around" in the sea of culture into which the mind is born? Is it possible that the ultimate reality of mind lies not between my ears but "out there" in the world of ideas, ultimately grounded in realty itself? Or maybe grounded in physical reality but not entirely dependent on physical reality. Do our minds have an independent existence like the facts of mathematics?

Forms, Logic, Mathematics and the "F" Meme

"Laws of Form" are the foundation for mathematics based on the fundamental idea of categorization. Any freshman course will show how all of mathematics is built up on the foundation of set theory - the logic of categories. Even in High School, we are taught that there is no such thing as a "real" circle - in the real world, things that we call circles are actually only approximately circular. But we are left with the idea that a circle is a "real thing". "More real", in fact, than the circles of actual experience.

We take the form of distinction for the form." There is a circularity in bringing into words what is quite clear without them. And yet it is in the bringing forth into formalisms that mathematics is articulated and universes of discourse come into being. The elusive beginning, before there was a difference, is the eye of the storm, the calm center from which these musings spring.

There is a delicious circularity in this idea - something that fans of Hofstadter will recognize as the fingerprint of the human mind at its best.

Most people get scared off of mathematics and logic before they start to ask questions about the relationship between "math" and the real world. This is aided and abetted by the tendency of editors to banish all mathematical formulas from the pages of popular books and even magazines devoted to Science (Such as Scientific American).

For those on a spiritual path, Zen (and its de-mystified version, Mindfulness) points out how categories are arbitrary creations of the mind. The horrendous implications of this (that Math and Logic are also arbitrary) are usually glossed over.

But for those such as myself, who have spent years exploring the dark corridors of mathematics and "pure" logic, the inevitable question emerges: Is this world "real" or is it "just a construction of the human mind"? Such questions usually occur to those who are also on the "spiritual path". That path leads through the observation that everything is a creation of the mind, but there certainly seems to be more "out there" than what is running around between my ears. Logic seems to be a very solid category of reality in addition to mind and the real world. Even aliens from another dimension would understand basic logic and math. Wouldn't they?

"Applied Mathematics", including some of its rather obscure branches, such as group theory and topology, have found to be amazingly useful in describing phenomena of the "real world". You get the impression that mathematical principles must underlie reality itself. In fact, it's quite easy to imagine alternate universes with quite different "laws" that are still bound to obey the rules of mathematics. Einstein, said that the most amazing thing about the universe is how much of its workings can be understood by the human mind. But he didn't say it could all be understood.

Undermining our confidence is the EPR paradox, which seems to indicate that our fundamental ideas of logic break down when confronted with some relatively simple properties of the universe. This is actually the point where Einstein's famous "thought experiments" mislead him - he was wrong in his confidence that properties of sub-atomic particles "must" be "out there in the real world", independent of our measurements. Our response, of course, is always to invent new math and logic to describe the paradoxical situation, with confidence that logic must, in the end, be preserved. The universe itself "must" be logical.

The idea that mathematics is somehow "more real" than reality itself goes all the way back to Plato, who considered "forms" to be more real than any particular examples of forms. If we could only see with the proper eyes, we'd see only the celestial reality of ultimate forms. This amounts to saying that the "form" is ultimate reality. A "form" is a category. Hofstadter has finally buried Plato's insight by pointing out how arbitrary and "fuzzy" our categories are - hinting that categories are an inescapable artifact of the human mind.

Accepting Hofstadter's perspective, while also respecting the stunning applicability of the concept of forms, logic and mathematics, we are lead to the ultra-powerful "F" meme, which includes trust in our categories, our logic and our math as a valid description of the real world, while also recognizing that "F" is just another "meme". It should take its place along the other "big ones": mind and reality.

Trust in the "F" meme can assume religious overtones. The reductionist view can take mathematics and logic as "fundamental" reality. Serious modern intellectuals can claim that there is no real world except what our observations (part of the "M" world) plus our logic (The "F" world) tell us. The religious nature of this outlook is discussed here. The "religion" described owes more to Plato (mentioned above) than the Bible, but it's also true that the New Testament was strongly influenced by Greek philosophy, which would readily accept the idea of a heavenly realm, more "real" than the one we inhabit. In the Old Testament, God seems to live above the sky, not in some alternate reality.